In
Star Trek technobabble, Heisenberg Compensators are actually a sort of inside joke for real geeky scientists who watch the show. According to
Werner Heisenberg's
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the idea of making
transporters work is theoretically impossible. You can't know the exact location of an atomic particle without losing track of where it's going, or how fast. And when you try to figure out how fast it's going, you lose track of where it went, or where it is. So taking apart a human being and then putting him together on the planet was just not possible.
To compensate for that, Michael Okuda put these things in the script. Whenever there was a problem with the transporters, Geordi LaForge would mention something about the Heisenberg Compensators and everyone else on the ship would go "well of course the Heisenberg Compensators how silly of me." And somewhere in the world a quantum physicist would get a good giggle out of it.
The minds behind Star Trek were basically indicating to any viewers smart enough to know who Heisenberg was, that Star Trek's writers were gambling that by the 25th century, some smart geeky guy will figure out how to work around this particular law of quantum physics.